This book provides a review of problems during design and construction on problematic soils. Design methods, site investigation, construction and analysis of the various improvement methods available are explained and discussed. Various regions may have different soils with geotechnical problems that differ from those faced in other regions. For example, in Southeast Asia, the common geotechnical problems are those associated with construction on soft clays and organic soils, while in the arid region of the Middle East, problems are generally associated with the desert soils. In the US, the problems are associated with organic soils, expansive and collapsing soils, and shale. Laterite and lateritic soils are especially problematic in Mexico. Similarly, in Europe, for example, the geotechnical problems are associated with loess (France), and organic soil (Germany). A detailed description of various methods of ground improvement has been provided in 11 chapters. Each chapter deals not only with a description of the method but also focuses on region-specific ground problems and suitable ground improvement techniques. Case studies have also been included. One general chapter is dedicated to site investigation, instrumentation, assessment and control. This book will be of value to students and professionals in the fields of civil and geotechnical engineering, as well as to soil scientists and engineering geologists.

Residual soils are found in many parts of the world. Like other soils, they are used extensively in construction, either to build upon, or as construction material. They are formed when the rate of rock weathering is more rapid than transportation of the weathered particles by e.g., water, gravity and wind, which results in a large share of the soils formed remaining in place. The soils typically retain many of the characteristics of the parent rock. In a tropical region, residual soil layers can be very thick, sometimes extending to hundreds of meters before reaching un-weathered rock. Unlike the more familiar transported sediment soil, the engineering properties and behaviour of tropical residual soils may vary widely from place to place depending upon the rock of origin and the local climate during their formation; and hence are more difficult to predict and model mathematically. Despite their abundance and significance our knowledge and understanding of these soils is not as extensive as that of transported sediment soil. Written by residual soil specialists from various parts of the world, this unique handbook presents data, knowledge and expertise on the subject. It provides insight into the engineering behaviour of tropical residual soils, which will be applicable to small or extensive construction works worldwide on such soils. This book covers almost all aspects of residual soils, from genesis, classification, formation, sampling and testing to behaviour of weakly bonded and unsaturated soil, volume change and shear strength. It features chapters on applications in slopes and foundation, as well as dedicated parts on residual soils in India, Hong Kong and Southeast Asia. A large number of graphs, tables, maps and references throughout the text provide further detail and insight. This volume is intended as a reference guide for practitioners, researchers and advanced students in civil, construction and geological engineering. Unique in its coverage of the subject, it may serve as a standard that benefits every engineer involved in geological, foundation and construction work in tropical residual soils.

Peat and organic soils commonly occur as extremely soft, wet, unconsolidated surficial deposits that are an integral part of wetland systems. These types of soils can give rise to geotechnical problems in the area of sampling, settlement, stability, in situ testing, stabilisation and construction. There is therefore a tendency to either avoid building on these soils, or, when this is not possible, to simply remove or replace soils, which in some instances can lead to possibly uneconomical design and construction alternatives. However, in many countries of the world, these soils cover a substantial land area and pressure on land use is resulting in ever more frequent utilisation of such marginal grounds. For the successful design, construction and performance of structures on such marginal soils, it is crucial to predict geotechnical behaviour in terms of settlement, shear strength and stability, with respect to time. This means expanding our knowledge base and calls for a reliable characterisation of their geotechnical properties and mechanical behaviour and subsequently, the devising of suitable design parameters and construction techniques for dealing with these materials. A sound scientific understanding of the nature and functions of peat and organic soils is critical to their correct and safe use, and this book contributes by offering students, researchers, engineers and academics involved with these types of soils a comprehensive overview. This book will be useful not only to those in the field of geotechnical engineering, but also to soil scientists and agriculturalists, who are involved in the development of peatlands.

This book provides a review of problems during design and construction on problematic soils. Design methods, site investigation, construction and analysis of the various improvement methods available are explained and discussed. Various regions may have different soils with geotechnical problems that differ from those faced in other regions. For example, in Southeast Asia, the common geotechnical problems are those associated with construction on soft clays and organic soils, while in the arid region of the Middle East, problems are generally associated with the desert soils. In the US, the problems are associated with organic soils, expansive and collapsing soils, and shale. Laterite and lateritic soils are especially problematic in Mexico. Similarly, in Europe, for example, the geotechnical problems are associated with loess (France), and organic soil (Germany). A detailed description of various methods of ground improvement has been provided in 11 chapters. Each chapter deals not only with a description of the method but also focuses on region-specific ground problems and suitable ground improvement techniques. Case studies have also been included. One general chapter is dedicated to site investigation, instrumentation, assessment and control. This book will be of value to students and professionals in the fields of civil and geotechnical engineering, as well as to soil scientists and engineering geologists.

Fly ash and bottom ash are the waste materials obtained in enormous quantities from the coal based thermal power plants making their usage and disposal very difficult. There is a scope of utilizing these waste materials in raising ash dykes. This book presents the results of investigation carried out to assess the suitability of fly ash/bottom ash mixed with local soil for raising ash dyke. Samples of fly ash, bottom ash and soil were obtained from the power plant site and a series of laboratory investigations were carried out on mixture of fly ash, bottom ash and local soil in order to find out the optimum fly ash/bottom ash and soil ratio which will give a reasonable factor of safety against slope failure while raising ash dyke. Stability analysis of the slope was carried out by Plaxis to find out the factor of safety. This book, the authors are sure, will be very useful for research scholars and practicing engineers dealing with disposal or utilization of fly ash and bottom ash.

The worldwide use of volatile organic compounds and halogenated organic compounds is estimated to be more than 30 billion pounds per year. Organic halides, especially, chlorofluorocarbons, polychloroethenes, polychloroethanes, and polychloromethanes form one of the main groups of environmental pollutants present in the soils and underground waters of many industrial sites. The contamination due to these pollutants is particularly dangerous in view of their toxicity and carcinogenic character. Among several strategies, electrochemical methods are efficient for the analysis of electron transfer-bond breaking problems in view of simplicity, ease of experimentation, and possible generalizations. The monograph starts with a brief account on the theoretical principles involved in the reductive cleavage of carbon-halogen bonds and the main experimental methods used in the analysis, viz. cyclic voltammetry and convolution potential sweep voltammetry. Other chapters describe the application of above principles and methods in evaluating thermodynamic and kinetic parameters of the reactions.

The present book has been constructed to provide an overview of pattern of immune response of susceptible broiler chicks after Salmonella Gallinarum infection. The effect of experimentally induced Salmonella Gallinarum infection on total protein, albumen, globulin concentrations in serum and serum albumen-globulin ratio, antibody titer by indirect hemagglutination technique and IgG concentration by SRID techniques has also been highlighted. There is increase in concentrations of serum proteins and IgG levels and rise in antibody titer. Chickens are the natural hosts of Salmonella Gallinarum, the causative organism of fowl typhoid. Its host perimeter is limited to galiforme birds.